Formation and Motion of the Sun

The evolution of the sun The sun, which is the center of the solar system, is the main source of light and energy for the entire earth (Merali Skinner, 2009). The sun has been described as a huge ball of fire and all the eight planets of the earth revolve around it. The ball of fire is made up of several elements, which include hydrogen, helium, iron, nickel, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Formation and Motion of the Sun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sun has a temperature of approximately 5,780 K and is approximately 1.496Ãâ€"1011 m from the earth (Merali Skinner, 2009). This paper will discuss the sun’s formation and its patterns of movement. It is difficult to tell the exact period of formation of the sun but it was approximated to have been between ten and twenty thousand million years ago (Merali Skinner, 2009). The Nebular theory also called the Co ndensation theory is one of the theories that explain the origin and formation of the sun. Astronauts suggest that the hydrogen present in the sun was influenced by the big bang theory. This justifies the assumption that the sun came into being around the same period as the rest of the universe (Merali Skinner, 2009). According to the big bang theory, hydrogen gas through condensation formed huge clouds. These clouds after contracting they formed the present galaxies. The role of motion and bodies involved in the formation of the sun However, some hydrogen gas did not contract and was floating freely in our galaxy. Due to some incidents, the free hydrogen gas also contracted leading to the formation of the sun and the entire solar system. It is said that the sun and the solar system later turned into a slowly spinning molecular cloud (Merali Skinner, 2009). This cloud was composed of hydrogen, helium molecules, and dust (Merali Skinner, 2009). Gravity caused the cloud to compress a process called Helmholtz contraction (Merali Skinner, 2009). The inability of gases to balance against self-gravity was the major cause of the contraction and this is what astronauts refer to as jeans instability (Noguchi, 1999). As the compression process went on the speed of rotation also increased and the high-speed spinning caused the cloud to flatten forming a giant disk-like shape (Noguchi, 1999). Astronauts believe that the majority of the Sun’s mass collected at its center, which led to the formation of a gas sphere (Noguchi, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sphere further influenced compression by attracting materials from the disc a factor that led to an increase in the temperatures and pressure from within the sphere (Noguchi, 1999). The collusion of these particles turned the kinetic energy into heat. This caused the nebular to accumulate great heat at its center where most of its mass was. This led to the collapse. However, the process could have continued but hydrostatic equilibrium prevented it. As the heat increased at the center of the cloud, the pressure rose and influenced an outward net force (Noguchi, 1999). Below is a diagram showing the hydrostatic equilibrium (Noguchi, 1999) The sun’s motion The sun is the closest star to earth compared to all other stars of our galaxy. Every day, the sun rises in the east and reaches its maximum height when it crosses the meridian at noon (Merali Skinner, 2009). It takes the sun approximately 24 hours to move from the noon position to the noon position in the next day (Merali Skinner, 2009). In that case, the noon position is whenever the sun crosses the meridian in a day (Merali Skinner, 2009). The position of the horizon is not constant throughout the year but changes from time to time (Merali Skinner, 2009) The sun moves along the ecliptic completing a full 360 degrees in a year, which is approximately 365.24 days (Noguchi, 1999). The path that the sun follows through the stars is known as the ecliptic (Noguchi, 1999). The ecliptic and the celestial equator both traverse at two points. These two points are the vernal equinox and the autumn equinox (Merali Skinner, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Formation and Motion of the Sun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Around 21st march each year, the earth crosses the celestial equator going northwards at the vernal equinox ‘spring’ (Merali Skinner, 2009). It later crosses the celestial equator going southwards at the autumnal equinox around 22 September each year (Noguchi, 1999). During this time when the sun is in the celestial equator equinoxes, the entire world experiences equal days and equal nights for the two days (Merali Skinner, 2009). During the season of spring and summer, the sun is usually above the celestial, which makes the earth experience more than 12 hours of daylight (Noguchi, 1999). This is because the sun does not rise at the exact east hence making a longer arc north of the celestial equator. On the other hand, when the earth is below the celestial equator the earth experiences shorter hours of daylight. This is the season of autumn and winter and is caused by the sun rising in the southeastern making a shorter arc south of the celestial equator (Merali Skinner, 2009). Nonetheless, the path of the sun depends highly on the date and the latitude the observer is at (Merali Skinner, 2009). Copernicus’s, Kepler’s, Galileo’s, and Newton’s inventions Copernicus was the first to explain the movement of the sun. In his theory, he indicated that the earth rotates daily around its axis and revolves around the sun for a period of about 365 days (Noguchi, 1999). Isaac Newton’s law of gravity was a great input in explaining how the sun could cu rve inward into the elliptical paths. Through Nicolaus Copernicus findings, the heavenly bodies do not share the same center since the earth rotates around the sun and the moon around the earth (Merali Skinner, 2009). He argues against the belief that the sun rotates around the earth. Johannes Kepler’s second law suggests that the speed of a planet increases when it gets closer to the sun (Merali Skinner, 2009). The farther a planet is from the sun therefore the slower its speed. He also came up with a law that suggested that the orbits of the planets were not circular but elliptical in shape (Merali Skinner, 2009). Galileo Galilei confirmed Copernicus theory to be true by affirming the rotation of the rotation of the sun around the earth. Conclusion This essay has extensively discussed and given scientific theories, that supports the formation of the sun and its movement. The paper explains the sun’s formation and its properties. The motion of the sun causes season s that have been clearly outlined in this research.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Merali, Z., Skinner, B. J. (2009). Visualizing Earth Science. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Noguchi, M. (1999). Early Evolution of Disk Galaxies: Formation of Bulges in Clumpy Young Galactic Disks. Astrophysical Journal, 514 (1), 77–95. This essay on Formation and Motion of the Sun was written and submitted by user Joslyn Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Sample on How the Budget Cuts Affect the Student’s Education

Essay Sample on How the Budget Cuts Affect the Student’s Education Sample essay: How the budget cuts affect the student’s education After the 2008 global economic recession, the United States education system has seen drastic budget cuts as states try to cut on budget deficits and get back on their feet (Congress, 2010). The move to cut budgets on public education has taken many forms including implementation of a four day school week, increasing class sizes and reducing state help to students with special needs. These measures are however, impacting negatively on the standards and quality of education and other aspects of the economy in the counties and districts in which they are implemented. This study will seek to analyze the negative effects of budget cuts on education. To start with, is the shorter school week. From the article, we are informed that, in South Dakota, close to 300 students from the district in south eastern South Dakota will no longer have classes on Fridays. This is because the schools have adopted a four day school week as a means of reducing costs and dealing with state budgets cuts. The positive impact of this is that, it will cut close to $ 50, 000 annually in costs. The move is being replicated elsewhere across the United States. There is bound to be a negative effect mainly on the standards of education. One of these impacts is that, due to the elongated period that they are out of school, they tend to forget what they have already learnt (BTimes Staff Reporter, 2011). Critics argue that, children especially those from poor families usually return to school having forgotten what they had learnt earlier. This was the principle behind the failed Obama administration initiative of increasing the school day, the school week and overall the school year. In other instances, some schools do not comply with the rules set for increase in study hours on an average day. For example, an interim report on this program found that, Smith ridge elementary school in Reno, Nev., was using the 15 minutes added each morning for breakfast, as opposed to academics (Dillon, 2011). Another effect of the reduced school week is that, it has led to increased class sizes. Reports show that, across the United States, millions of public schools have experienced increases in the sizes of their classes driven by budget cuts and teacher layoffs. This is a reversal of a trend that had started in the 1980s geared towards a smaller class. However, this has several drawbacks that negatively affect the quality of education. One of these is the increased fatigue on the teacher. An example of this is Racher Maher, a math teacher in Charlotte, N.C. She argues that, if a class of 25 gains 5 kids, that’s 5 more papers to grade, 5 more students that need make up if they are absent, 5 more parents to contact and send emails to, eventually Overwhelming the teacher. In addition to that, it reduces the rate at which the students grasp issues. Research conducted in the 1980s comparing classes of 13 to 17 in kindergarten through to 22 to 25 students in 3rd grade made several reve lations. One of them is that, smaller classes significantly outscored the larger ones on achievement tests (Dillon, 2011). The other negative effect of budget cuts on schools is its effects on community property taxes. In this, we will take an example of the state of New Jersey. Due to the declining funding on public education, the state of New Jersey has seen a shrink in tax revenues. Local property-tax incomes are expected to plummet as taxpayers in several neighborhoods vote out tax increases. In addition, tax assessments steadily catch up with the bust in home prices. Federal incentives financing, that under normal circumstances helped relieve the negative impact, is set to end after the coming school year (Merrick Whitehouse, 2010). In the state of New Jersey, this move has also curtailed the upward advancement of students who require special attention for them to advance. For example, a student named Kyle Scrapper; a 7th grade student will have to do away with math remedial classes. This, his teacher believes will hurt him negatively because the tutoring had helped build his confidence and push his grades from a D to a C. (Merrick Whitehouse, 2010). In conclusion, it is clear that, the budget cuts on public education have many negative effects to the quality of education in the United States. Starting with the reduced school week, this has the effect of interrupting consistency in learning and in the process reducing the students’ ability to internalize what they learn in class. This especially applies to students from poor families. The other negative effect is increased size. When the class size is increased, teachers are more overwhelmed by the volume of work and the speed of students grasping issues reduces. Lastly, is the fact that, overall it reduces the community property taxes as experienced by the New Jersey State. The case of New Jersey also brings out the fact that, students who need extra learning for them to understand are denied that opportunity and is likely to end up as failures. CustomWritings.com is online essay writing service which will help with your essays, term papers and research papers. Professional essay writers for hire!

Programming MS Excel to freeze panes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Programming MS Excel to freeze panes - Article Example The same applies to when applying to more than one column. However, to implement freezing panes on the first column, you choose the first column under the freeze submenu. After using the freeze panes, in either case, you remove by selecting unfreeze panes. The purpose of using freezing panes is to maintain your track on cells, and rows or columns of data that you feel are vital when making navigations through the worksheet. Further, it is very vital when working with an extreme number of rows and columns. It is so because irrespective of where you are scrolling, the headings will always be visible thus making it easier to relate where the data belongs. The user is said to remain in perspective with the data concerned. Freezing panes differs from the views in the database. First, freezing panes aims to keep a section of the worksheet visible i.e. keep its state constant to allow the user to relate to other parts of the worksheet especially when there are many columns and rows involved. Views, on the other hand, retrieve information from data store that meets the particular criterion. In essence, database views are more flexible (Lightstone, Teorey & Nadeau, 2007). The results it can return is custom to users needs and covers a wider scope as compared to freezing panes in Excel that has a predefined way of using it. Further, freezing panes is strictly restricted to navigation where some section is mobile while the others are constant whereas views deal with